BY Group B:
1. AYU SETYANINGSIH (07620009)
2. CHRISTYAN HIANTORO (07620011)
3. YULI RACHMAD D. (07620013)
4. GLORIA TRIKARUNIA S. (07620015)
5. LULUK TURSILOWATI (07620047)
6. NANIKA TITIS P. (07620132)
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND SAINS ENGLISH
PROGRAM OF WIJAYA KUSUMA SURABAYA UNIVERSITY2009
I. Introduction
A presentation is the activity of showing and explaining the content of a topic making by a person and known to another or to the public.
A presentation program is a computer software package used to display information, normally in the form of a slide show. It typically includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content. A presentation program, such as OpenOffice.org Impress, Apple Keynote or Microsoft PowerPoint, is often used to generate the presentation content.
An argument is a discussion in which reasons are advanced for and against some proposition or proposal, such as a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true, controversy or a dispute where there is strong disagreement. An argument is also a summary of the subject or plot of a literary work or play or movie, and a course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood.
Presenting an argument is the activity of showing and explaining the content of the topic that can help speakers evaluate arguments, question claims, identify logical structures, and analyze the validity of arguments. Speakers will build a logical and reasonable case, construct logical and reasonable arguments, and then analyze those arguments and evidence for validity.
1. Claim – states the speaker’s conclusion, based on evidence, about some state of affairs
Often stated of thesis statements
Answers the questions “What are you trying to prove?”
Asserts the state of affairs but unless the listeners already agree with the claim, it’s unlikely that they will accept it at face value
To make the claim believable, the speakers must provide proof, or evidence in support of the claim
2. Evidence – substantiates the claim
Materials that provides grounds for belief
The goal of using evidence is to make a claim more acceptable, or believable, to the audience
If the evidence is believable, then the claim is more likely to be found acceptable by the audience
If the audience’s questions are evidence, then it too must be treated as a claim and some other evidence must be provided to substantiate it
3. Warrants – provide reasons that evidence supports the claim
· Help both to support a claim and to substantiate the link between the claim and the evidence
· Another term for warrants is “reasoning”
· Although a piece of evidence may provide strong support for a claim, in order for the audience to accept the argument, the connection between the claim and the evidence must be made clear
· Serves as a bridge between a claim and evidence
Diagramming the Argument
a. Write down the claim
b. List each possible piece of evidence you have in support of the claim
c. Write down the corresponding warrants, or reason, that link the evidence to the claim
II. Discussion
Presenting an argument is not easy, the presenter have to know the manners to present some topic in front of the audiences. Not all the people know about the key features to present in front of the audiences. First, the present have to know the awareness of the audiences who conclude the best presentation of presenter. Second, the presenter has to know the time when the presenter gives his presentation, in the formal or informal situation. Finally, the objectives of presentation must be clear because the audiences must know the information from the topic.
The language awareness is the most important to present the argument, because what language which the presenter speaks have to know to the audiences and in the right situations. If the language awareness reachable and in the right situations, hopes the audiences can get the clear objectives from the presentation.
The language awareness’ structures of presenting an argument are:
1. Beginning
It is time when the present want to begin to present their topics. If their want to begin it they have to know what their want to say in beginning presenting. For example:
“I 1would like to begin by…”
“I would like to make a few remarks concerning…”
“I would like to comment on the problem of…”
“I would like to 2mention 3briefly that…”
“There are 4three points I’d like to make.”
“The most important points seem to me to be…”
a. Wish – formal situation
Should like – formal situation
Want – informal situation
b. To declare that the presenter will not talking too long
Touch upon
c. To declare that the presenter will not talking too long
d. Two
Several
A number of
2. Ordering
If you had said the right language and situation in the beginning presenting, to change in new point we have to know what the presenter want to say. For example:
“First of all, we must 1bear in mind…”
“At the 2outset…”
“To begin with…”
“Firstly… Secondly… Thirdly… Finally…”
a. To considerate the language, which the presenter said, and it is always use in passive voice – “There are three points which should be borne in mind…”
b. In the first time of presenting
c. Do not mix at first and later because they are different meaning – “At first I hated English, but now I love it.”
First, second, etc – formal situation
3. Introducing a New Point
Introduce a new point is the most important thing in presenting, because this is first time when the audiences get the topic so the presenter have to give the right information to the audiences. For example:
“I would now like to turn briefly to the problem of…”
“The next 1issue I would like to 2focus on is…”\
“Turning to…”
a. For the question statement
b.To concentrate the statement
4. Adding
If the presenter wants to add the new point in his argument, he has to know the situation and the language that he wants to say to the audiences. For example:
“In addition…”
“I 1might add that…”
“As well as…, there is also…”
“Not only…, but also…”
“Furthermore…”
“Moreover…”
Might, could refer to uncertainty statement
5. Giving an Example
The presenter must give the example to make the audiences understand with the presenting. For example:
“1Let I give an example…”
“To illustrate this point, let us consider…”
“2A case in point is…”
a. Let followed by infinitive without to
b. An example
6. Balancing
It is to contrast the first example to another, to make clearly the presenting to the audiences. For example:
“On the one hand…, but on the other hand…”
“Although…, we must not forget…”
“1Whereas…, we have to remember…”
“2In spite of…, I still think…”
“3Despite the fact that …, I …”
a. To explain the contrast statement
b. In spite of and despite are the same statements, which used in the presenting an argument, but despite are more formal than In spite of.
7. Generalizing
After the presenter explains the first topic and contrast with another, he has to make the generalizing of those statements. For example:
“On the whole…”
“In general…”
“1Generally speaking…”
“By and large…”
“All in all…”
“All things considered…”
Broadly statement
8. Stating Preferences
To make the audiences sure with the presenter, he has to explain one topic that he liked. He prefers one than another and gives the reason to audiences. For example:
“I’d rather…than…”
“I prefer…to…”
I tend to favor… as opposed to…”
“…has an advantage over… in that…”
“The main advantage of… is that…”
9. Concluding
To finish the presentation, the presenter has to give the conclusion about his presenting and makes the audiences understand and maybe can explain in their activities. Remember that the conclusion of presenting can influence the audiences. For example:
“Let me conclude by saying…”
“I’d like to conclude by stating that…”
“Allow me to conclude by 1hihglighting the fact that…”
“In conclusion, I would like to 2reiterate that…”
“I would now like to conclude my comments by reassuring you that we are fully aware of the fact that…”
a. Emphasizing and stressing statements
b. Repeat the statements
III. Conclusion
Presenting an argument is not easy for presenters who want to explain or show their topic to audiences, because the presenters have to know about the situation in the room, the condition of audiences and the language that presenters said. Therefore, if the presenters want to present his presentation, first he has to prepare it before the presenting to avoid the mistake next and keep the time. If you explain so clearly that nobody can misunderstand somebody, will.
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