Makalah Speaking III oleh mahasiswa Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Semester 4 Greoup A

Paper
SPEAKING III

LANGUAGE OF MEETINGS

oleh GROUP A:
1. Ari Junaedi (07620033)
2. Arif Dwi Cahyono (07620085)
3. Dinda Wirdayanti (07620106)
4. Niken Inawati (06620155)
5. Murwi Kriswinanti (07620052)
6. Christy Happy (07620014)

FAKULTAS BAHASA DAN SAINS
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
UNIVERSITAS WIJAYA KUSUMA SURABAYA
2009

Preface

In general meeting there are some rules to follow. Different with informal situation, language in meeting belongs to formal. Sometimes, what we say to express something in daily life is not suitable to say in a meeting. Informal situation whether the sentence expression or intonation can give different perception to others.
According to that in language meeting we must know what are the basic rules how to express something or how to get deal with others opinion in formal situation.
In this case, we will learn the usage of language in meeting to make effective or condusive communication in formal situation.


1. USING WOULD
Would is often added to make any statement more tentative. It takes away the dogmatic tone of many statements.
That is unacceptable. That would be unacceptable.
That does not meet our requirements. That would not meet our requirements.
We need further reassurance. We would need further reassurance.

The other functions of “would” in a meeting that may be used in meeting conversation:

1.1.EXPRESSING PREFERENCE:
I would rather visit Los Angles. (I’d rather…)
(would rather means prefer).

1.2.EXPRESSING REPEATED ACTION IN THE PAST:
When she was alive, Aunt Stephanie would visit the West Coast.
(would is used with regularly repeated actions in the past).

1.3.POLITE REQUESTS
I would appreciate hearing from you soon.
(would is frequently used with polite request).

When used to express a repeated action in the past, would often takes the place of used to.
e.g: When they were students, they would go skiing every winter.
Also:
When they were students, they used to go skiing every winter.
However, when used to refers to a situation that exsisted (but was not necessarily repeated) in the past, would may not serve as a replacement.
e.g. Aunt Stephanie used to live in Chicago.
Not:
Aunt Stephanie would live in Chicago

Would can also be used in conditional sentence.
e.g. If I had more time, I would read the instructions carefully.

2. QUESTION
Often suggestion are presented in question form:
That is too late Is that too late?
That would be too late Would that be too late?

3. ADDING N’T TO SUGESSTIONS
The examples above all sound more tentative and negotiable if they are grammatically negative:
- Isn’t that too late?
- Wouldn’t that be too late?

4. INTRODUCTORY PHRASES
Often we introduce our reaction with a word or phrases which tells the listener what kind of comment we are going to make in particular some phrases warn the listener that disagreement follows here are the most common introductory phrases:
a. Actually
b. Well
c. Frankly
d. With respect
e. To be honest
f. As a matter of fact
g.In those circumstances
h. To put it bluntly

5. I’M AFRAID
The most common phrase in spoken English to show that the speakerrecognises that his/her reaction is in some way unhelpful or unwelcome is I’m afraid. It may warn of disagreement but its general meaning is winder and indicates the speaker sees his/her reaction as unavoidably unhelpful.

e.g. - Could I speak to Jack please?
I’m afraid he’s out of the country at the moment.
- Would next Tuesday be convenient?
I’m afraid I’m tied up all day.

6. Qualifiers
A qualifier is a word or phrases that changed how absolute, certain or generalized a statement is.use qualifiers to send signals. Also spot the qualifiers used by other people and either challege these directly or use them as indicators of their deeper thoughts and thinking processes. Succesful meetings often depend on avoiding direct disagreement. Not surprisingly, therefore, good negotiators often restrict general statement by using qualifiers. Here are some of the most common qulifiers in English.
e.g. A slight misunderstanding a short delay
A little bit too early a bit of a problem
Some reservations a little more time

Kinds of Qualifiers

6.1. Absolute qualifiers
Use absolute qualifiers (all, none, always, never, etc) when you want to appear decisive and when the other person to be certain about a decision. Where other use about question how absolute the argument is, seeking even one counter-item that breaks their absolute position. This then opens the possibility of other such instances.

6.2.Relative qualifiers
Use relative qualifiers when you want to allow for real-word variation. Use them when you suspect the other person may challenge an absolute qualifier. When others use relative qualifiers, dig further for details about how relative the qualifier is. Again, you can seek counter-arguments.
Example
I never spoke to that person. I am absolutely certain of this.
I don’t usually reduce the price on these.

You said you disliked most of these. Which ones do you like?
You said you always have dark green. Have you ever had another shade?

Using Qualifiers through Discussion
We often use qualifiers unintentionally, and they act as signals, fagging to the other person our inner thoughts. Thus a person who you are persuading will use qualifiers to show how really interested or committed they are to your idea.
People who see the world in black and white are likely to use absolute qualifiers. Absolute qualifiers are also likely to be used by people who are taking a position or feel backed into a corner. If you push people too hard they may thus use absolute qualifiers as a defensive move.
Relative qualifiers are signals either of uncertainty or a desire to please. People may see others as superior in some way, perhaps more expert, and thus may use relative qualifiers as an escape clause.

7. NOT + VERY + POSITIVE ADJECTIVE
Introduction of adjective
In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more information about the noun or pronoun’s definition. Some examples can be seen in the box to the right. Collectively, adjectives from one of the traditional English eight parts of speech, thought linguist today distinguish adjectives from words such as determiners that also to be considered adjectives.
Not all languages have adjectives, but most, including English do, (English adjectives include big, old, and tired, among many others). Those that do not, typically use words of another parts of speech, often verbs, to serve the same semantic function; for example, such a language might have a verb that means “to be big” and would use a construction analogues to “ big – being house” to express as “ big house”. Even in languages that do have adjectives, ones language’s adjective might not be another’s: for example, while English uses “ to be hungry” (hungry being an adjective), French uses “avoir faim” (literary “to have hunger”), and where Hebrew uses the adjectives (zaquq, roughly “in need of”), English uses the verb “to need”.
In most languages with adjectives with adjectives, they form an open class of words; that is, it is relatively common for new adjectives to be formed via such processes as derivation.
Often English avoids negative adjectives, preferring not + positive equivalent:
e.g. The hotel was dirty The hotel wasn’t very clean
The food was cold The food wasn’t very hot
This features is not only true with an adjective construction. Notice these
examples:
I disagree completely I don’t agree at all
I dislike that idea I don’t like that idea at all
I reject what you say I don’t accept what you say

8. COMPARATIVE
In offering an alternative suggestion, the comparative is ofren used:
Wouldn’t the 31st be more convenient? It might be cheaper to go by air.
The implication is that the other person’s suggestion is acceptable, but yours is more acceptable. For this reason the use of the comparative is more tactful. Other these proposals, using a comparative, and an appropriate verb form including. For example, would,might,etc.
e.g:
1.It’s appropriate to wait a few weeks.
2.An earlier delivery date is helpful.
3.It’s a good idea to take a long term view.
4.It’s dangerous to delay a decision.
5.Mr. Carlos is a good person to approach.
6.The World Bank is anxious to support this kind of project.

Sometimes comparatives phrases, not including adjectives, are used. You will need them in these examples:
7.NGOs provide funds for projects like this.
8.The Belgian plant has capacity in the short term.
9.Research is need before we make a decision.

9. CONTINUOUS FORMS
In English, the simple past is used if the speaker sees the event as a single whole, while the past continuous is used if the speaker sees the event“stretched out” in time. For this reason the continuous form of the verb is more flexible, because the event can be “interrupted”, while the past is more often used to express facts or events seen as finished and complete. Notice, in every case the simple past gives the impression that the speaker means “ this is what I/we did before we started our present discussion: it gives the impression that the person s/he is speaking to is excluded.
In contrast, the continuous form, used with verbs like hope, discuss,etc. gives the impression of including the other partner in the discussion. For this reason continuous form seem more friendly and open, and often appropriate if you are trying to engage the other person in an open negotiation.

10. STRESSED WORDS
Grammar and vocabulary are of course, important in getting your meaning across.
Less obviously, but equally importantly, the words which you give special stress to can change the meaning of what you say. Contrast this pair;
e.g. It’s rather a large house.
It’s rather a large house.
The most important use of kind is the word quite. If quite is stressed, it is a qualification (quite interested, but not very), but if the following adjective is stressed, quite means very (quite interested).
Examples:
1.That’s quite different from our own suggestion.
2. we’re quite satisfied with the preliminary figures.
3. we’re quite certain we can deliver by the end of the month.
Remember, native speakers often use quite instead of very, but if it has the meaning of very, it is the word following quite which receives the heavy stress.
Note: Why is word stress important?
Word stress is not used in all languages. Some languages, Japanese or French for example, pronounce each syllable eq-ual em-pha-sis.
Word stress is not an optional extra that you can add to the English language if you want. It is part of the language! English speakers use word stress to communicate rapidly and accurately, even in difficult condirions. If, for example, you do not hear a word clearly, you can still understand the word because of the position of the stress.


CONCLUSION

As well as vocabulary, grammar, and stress, there is another important way in which you can improve your control of the language of meetings. Certain words often occur together – a short term solution, a high priority. There are a very large number of these collocations (groups of words which often occur together) which are used in the language of meetings. We have identified more than 150 of these for you. They are spread through the different units of this book. Each of the exercise is similar, and arranged like the one below. Here is what you should do:

6.2.1. Alone, or in pairs or small groups, look at the words at the top of each Match and complete activity. Try, without writing anything down, to make collocations using a word form the column on the left with one from the column on the right. In every case there is only one way that you can make all five collocations correctly in the activities. If you are left with words which you do not think make a correct pair, you will need to think again about the pairs you have already made.
6.2.2. When you have made five successful phrases, report them to the whole group, and agree on the correct phrases.
6.2.3. We suggest that, even now, you do not write them in your book. Instead, we suggest you try to fit each collocation into one of the example sentences which follow. Again, you can only do this in one way so that all the collocations fit.
6.2.4. We suggest that a few days or week later you look again at the collocations, and write in the ones you can remember which you are sure are correct.You can use the sentences again to check.

When you are that you can identify the collocations correctly, you can write them in so that, as you work your way through the book, you will make for yourself a complete list of the correct collocations. Remember, writing the correct collocations into your book will help you to remember them – but don’t do this when you meet them for the first time.


QUESTIONS:
1. When do we use polite requests by using would in a meeting?
Refer to the situation and people who are speaking that moment.

2. Which one is better, asking a question during the presentation or after the presentation in a meeting?
It is better asking after the presentation and before the conclusion, because you need to hear more information before you ask a question.

3. What is the purpose of using qualifiers?
The purpose is to send signals to the other and successful meeting often depend on avoiding direct statement, not surprisingly, therefore, a good negotiatior often restrict general statement by using qualifiers.

4. How often does the word stress used in a meeting?
It depend on the condition where does the meeting takes place. In the other hand, word stress is not used in all languages.

5. Is a discussion use the rules of language meeting?
Yes, it is. A discussion is almost alike a meeting but more simple.